GSE 113: General Mathematics
Hand out 1: Introduction to General Mathematics
Course Overview
- Course Title : GSE 113: General Mathematics
- Target Audience :NCE 1 Students
- Objective: To provide students with foundational mathematical concepts and skills necessary for further studies and everyday applications .
Hand out 2: Number Systems
Types of Numbers
1. Natural Numbers ( N): { 1, 2, 3, ... }
2. Whole Numbers ( W): { 0, 1, 2, 3, ... }
3. Integers ( Z): {... , - 3, - 2, - 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ... }
4. Numbers ( Q): Numbers that can be expressed as a fraction \( \ frac{a}{b} \ ) where \( a \ ) and \( b \ ) are integers and \( b \ neq 0 \ ).
5. Irrational Numbers : Numbers that cannot be expressed as a fraction ( e.g., \( \ sqrt{2}, \ pi \ )).
6. Real Numbers ( R): All rational and irrational numbers .
Practice Problems
1. Identify whether the following numbers are natural , whole , integer , rational , or irrational :
- 5
- - 3
- 0.75
- \( \ sqrt{3} \ )
Hand out 3: Basic Operations
Arithmetic Operations
1. Addition (+ )
- Commutative Property : \( a + b = b + a \ )
- Associative Property : \( ( a + b ) + c = a + ( b + c ) \ )
2. Subtraction ( −)
- Not comm utative or associative .
3. Multiplication ( ×)
- Com mutative Property : \( a \ times b = b \ times a \ )
- Associ ative Property : \( ( a \ times b ) \ times c = a \ times ( b \ times c ) \ )
- Dis tributive Property : \( a \ times ( b + c ) = a \ times b + a \ times c \ )
4. Division ( ÷)
- Not comm utative or associative .
Practice Problems
1. Calculate :
- \( 15 + 27 \ )
- \( 45 - 19 \ )
- \( 8 \ times 7 \ )
- \( 56 \ div 8 \ )
Hand out 4: Fra ctions and Dec imals
Fractions
- Definition: A fraction represents a part of a whole .
- Types of Fra ctions
- Proper Fraction : Numer ator < Den ominator ( e.g., \( \ frac{3}{4} \ ))
- Impro per Fraction : Numer ator ≥ Den ominator ( e.g., \( \ frac{5}{3} \ ))
- Mixed Number : A whole number and a proper fraction ( e.g., \( 2 \ frac{1}{2} \ ))
Operations with Fra ctions
1. Addition/Subtraction:
- \( \ frac{a}{b} + \ frac{c}{d} = \ frac{ad + bc }{bd} \ )
- \( \ frac{a}{b} - \ frac{c}{d} = \ frac{ad - bc }{bd} \ )
2. Multiplication:
- \( \ frac{a}{b} \ times \ frac{c}{d} = \ frac{ac}{bd} \ )
3. Division:
- \( \ frac{a}{b} \ div \ frac{c}{d} = \ frac{a}{b} \ times \ frac{d}{c} \ )
Decimals
- Definition: A decimal is a way of expressing fractions in a base -10 system .
- Conversion: To convert a fraction to a decimal , divide the numerator by the denominator .
Practice Problems
1. Simpl ify the following fractions :
- \( \ frac{8}{12} \ )
- \( \ frac{15}{20} \ )
2. Perform the following operations :
- \( \ frac{1}{3} + \ frac{2}{5} \ )
- \( \ frac{3}{4} \ times \ frac{2}{3} \ )
3. Convert the following fractions to decimals :
- \( \ frac{1}{2} \ )
- \( \ frac{3}{8} \ )
Hand out 5: Algebra ic Expressions
Definitions
- Algebraic Expression : A combination of numbers , variables , and operations ( e.g., \( 3x + 5 \ )).
- Terms: Parts of an expression separated by + or - ( e.g., in \( 3x + 5y - 2 \ ), the terms are \( 3x, 5y, - 2 \ )).
- Coefficients: The numerical factor of a term ( e.g., in \( 3x \ ), 3 is the coefficient ).
Simpl ifying Expressions
- Combine like terms ( e.g., \( 3x + 5x = 8x \ )).
Practice Problems
1. Simpl ify the following expressions :
- \( 2x + 3x - 4 \ )
- \( 5y + 2 - 3y + 7 \ )
2. Evaluate the expression \( 4x + 3 \ ) when \( x = 2 \ ).
Hand out 6: Geometry Basics
Basic Ge ometric Shapes
1. Triangle: A three -sided polygon .
2. Rectangle: A four -sided polygon with opposite sides equal .
3. Circle: A round shape with all points equ idistant from the center .
Area and Per imeter Form ulas
- Triangle:
- Area = \( \ frac{1}{2} \ times \ text{base} \ times \ text{height} \ )
- Per imeter = Sum of all sides
- Rectangle:
- Area = \( \ text{length} \ times \ text{width} \ )
- Per imeter = \( 2(\text{length} + \ text{width}) \ )
- Circle:
- Area = \( \ pi r ^2 \ )
- Circ umference = \( 2\pi r \ )
Practice Problems
1. Calculate the area of a triangle with a base of 10 cm and a height of 5 cm .
2. Find the perimeter of a rectangle with a length of 8 m and a width of 3 m .
3. Determine the area of a circle with a radius of 4 cm .
Hand out 7: Statistics Basics
Key Concepts
- Mean: The average of a set of numbers .
- Formula : \( \ text{Mean} = \ frac{\text{Sum of all values }}{\text{Number of values }} \ )
- Median: The middle value when the numbers are arranged in order .
- Mode: The value that appears most frequently in a data set .
Practice Problems
1. Find the mean of the following numbers : 4, 8, 6, 5, 3.
2. Determine the median of the following set : 7, 2, 5, 10, 3.
3. Identify the mode in the following data set : 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5.
Hand out 8: Final Review and Practice
Key Form ulas to Remember
- Area and Per imeter of Shapes
- Basic Algebra ic Operations
- Statistics Measures
Practice Problems
1. Solve for \( x \ ) in the equation \( 2x + 3 = 11 \ ).
2. Calculate the area of a rectangle with a length of 12 cm and a width of 5 cm .
3. Find the mean , median , and mode of the following data set : 10, 12, 10, 15, 18, 12.
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